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- $Unique_ID{BRK03659}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Dermatomyositis}
- $Subject{Dermatomyositis Childhood Dermatomyositis Primary Idiopathic
- Dermatomyositis in Adults Dermatomyositis malignant tumors Dermatomyositis
- connective tissue disease overlap syndromes Sclerodermatomyositis Mixed
- Connective Tissue disease}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 262:
- Dermatomyositis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Dermatomyositis) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate
- names covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Childhood Dermatomyositis
- Primary Idiopathic Dermatomyositis in Adults
- Dermatomyositis associated with malignant tumors
- Dermatomyositis associated with connective tissue disease overlap
- syndromes, including Sclerodermatomyositis and Mixed Connective Tissue
- disease
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Dermatomyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by
- inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles and in the skin.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Dermatomyositis may start gradually or suddenly. The symptoms
- often wax and wane for no apparent reason.
-
- The major symptom of the disorder is muscle weakness, most often in the
- hip and shoulder areas, eventually making it difficult for patients to lift
- their arms or to climb steps. Other muscles which may be affected are the
- neck and throat muscles, which may result in difficulty swallowing and cause
- changes in the voice. Rarely, chest muscles may be affected.
-
- The muscle weakness may appear suddenly and progress over weeks to
- months. Difficulty in swallowing and dilatation of the lower esophagus and
- small intestine may be indistinguishable from that in Scleroderma (For more
- information on Scleroderma, choose "scleroderma" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.) The muscles of the hands, feet and face often escape
- involvement. Contractures of the limbs may eventually develop.
-
- The person with Dermatomyositis may develop a patchy, reddish skin rash
- on the face, around the eyes, on the knuckles and elbows and sometimes on the
- knees and ankles. The skin lesions frequently fade completely but may be
- followed by brownish pigmentation, atrophy, scarring or loss of pigmentation
- (vitiligo). (For more information, choose "vitiligo" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database.) Some people also experience puffy eyelids.
-
- Other symptoms may include fever, weight loss and occasionally pain or
- tenderness in muscles and joints. A few people with Dermatomyositis have an
- extreme sensitivity to cold that is most often felt in the fingers (Raynaud's
- Phenomenon). This is caused by spastic narrowing of blood vessels in the
- fingers. (For more information, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database). People with Dermatomyositis may also develop numb
- and shiny red areas around and under the finger nails.
-
- The characteristic skin changes in this disorder can suggest scleroderma
- in some patients. Subcutaneous calcification may occur, particularly in
- childhood Dermatomyositis. This is similar in distribution to that
- encountered in Scleroderma, but tends to be more extensive (calcinosis
- universalis), particularly in untreated or undertreated patients.
-
- Pain in many joints (polyarthralgia), accompanied at times by swelling,
- fluid and other evidence of non-deforming arthritis, occurs in approximately
- one third of patients with dermatomyositis. These rheumatic complaints tend
- to be mild and respond well to corticosteroids. Gastrointestinal
- involvement, except for the pharynx and the esophagus, is relatively uncommon
- in Dermatomyositis.
-
- Inflammation of the lungs with an increase of interstitial tissue
- (interstitial pneumonitis) is manifested by difficulty breathing and by
- coughing. These respiratory symptoms may precede myositis and dominate the
- clinical picture.
-
- Involvement of the heart, detected chiefly by irregularities in the
- electrocardiogram (ECG), has been reported. Acute kidney failure can occur
- as a consequence of excess muscle protein "myoglobin" in the urine (Crush
- syndrome) due to severe acute disintegration of muscle (rhabdomyolysis).
- Sjogren syndrome can also occur in some patients with Dermatomyositis. (For
- more information, choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Abdominal symptoms, more common in children, may be associated with the
- passage of dark stools or the vomiting of blood from gastro-intestinal ulcers
- that may progress to perforation and require surgical intervention.
-
- An associated malignancy, usually a carcinoma, may occur in about 15% of
- men and a smaller proportion of women over age 50 with Dermatomyositis.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of Dermatomyositis is unknown. The disorder may be caused by the
- body's natural immune defense mechanisms attacking its own healthy tissue
- (autoimmune reaction). Viruses may also play a role.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Dermatomyositis may appear at any time from infancy through age 80, but most
- commonly it occurs between 40 to 60 years. In children, the symptoms usually
- appear between the ages of 5 to 15 years. Females are affected twice as
- often as males.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis) is a rare, chronic collagen
- vascular disorder characterized by diffuse hardening, degenerative changes
- and vascular inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin, joints and
- many visceral organs. It shares certain clinical findings with
- dermatomyositis.
-
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory connective tissue
- disorder that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin
- and internal organs. SLE is a disease of the body's immune system. It
- shares certain clinical findings with dermatomyositis.
-
- Polymyositis is a form of a systemic connective tissue disorder
- characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles,
- leading to weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy. The areas principally
- affected are the hip, shoulder and chest muscles.
-
- (For more information on these related disorders, choose "Scleroderma",
- "Lupus", or "Polymyositis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Corticosteroids such as prednisone, together with antacids and potassium
- supplements, are widely used in treatment of dermatomyositis. Measurement of
- muscle enzyme activity is used to gauge the effectiveness of therapy.
- Reduction of these enzymes to normal values is noted in a majority of
- patients with this disorder within 4 to 6 weeks after treatment is started.
- This is followed by an improvement in muscle strength. At this point the
- dose of prednisone can usually be reduced slowly. In many cases of adult
- dermatomyositis prolonged maintenance therapy with prednisone may be
- necessary. Children with dermatomyositis may be able to discontinue
- prednisone after a year or more, experiencing apparent remission.
-
- Immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
- chlorambucil and azathioprine have been beneficial to some patients who fail
- to respond to corticosteroids alone. Some patients have received
- methotrexate for 5 years or longer for control of this disorder.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The FDA has approved testing of the orphan product Immune Globulin
- Intravenous Human (Iveegan, Immuno) for the disease Dermatomyositis. The
- drug is sponsored by Iuumno Clinic Research Corp., New York, NY.
-
- Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may be of potential benefit for treating a
- number of dermatologic diseases. These include Pemphigus and Bullous
- Pemphigoid, Posterior Uveitis and Behcet's Syndrome, collagen vascular
- disorders such as severe Dermatomyositis, Sjogren's Syndrome, and
- Scleroderma, Mycosis Fungoides, and Alopecia Areata. Certain types of skin
- grafts have also shown improvement after cyclosporine treatment, in some
- cases. However, this drug may also be associated with severe and life-
- threatening side effects which would limit its use in many patients.
-
- Careful monitoring of this drug by a physician is necessary to guard
- against possible toxic side effects. Relapses can occur when the drug is
- discontinued. More research is needed before cyclosporine can be recommended
- as a treatment for all but the most severe cases of the disorders listed
- above. Even for the most severe cases its use is still experimental, and
- long-term effects are unknown.
-
- Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin as a treatment
- for Dermatomyositis. Further investigation is needed to determine it's
- safety and effectiveness.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Dermatomyositis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Dermatomyositis and Polyomyositis Support Group
- 146 Newtown Rd.
- Woolston, Southhampton
- SO2 9HR England
- Phone Southhampton 449708
-
- Arthritis Foundation
- 1314 Spring Street, N.W.
- Atlanta, GA 30309
- (404) 872-7100
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- References
-
- POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS: C. M. Pearson; Arthritis Medical
- Information Series, Arthritis Foundation, 1983.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1280.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1978, 2341.
-
-